//original Title Case script © John Gruber <daringfireball.net>
//javascript port © David Gouch <individed.com>
//PHP port of the above by Kroc Camen <camendesign.com>

function titleCase ($title) {
	//remove HTML, storing it for later
	//       HTML elements to ignore    | tags  | entities
	$regx = '/<(code|var)[^>]*>.*?<\/\1>|<[^>]+>|&\S+;/';
	preg_match_all ($regx, $title, $html, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE);
	$title = preg_replace ($regx, '', $title);
	
	//find each word (including punctuation attached)
	preg_match_all ('/[\w\p{L}&`\'‘’"“\.@:\/\{\(\[<>_]+-? */u', $title, $m1, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE);
	foreach ($m1[0] as &$m2) {
		//shorthand these- "match" and "index"
		list ($m, $i) = $m2;
		
		//correct offsets for multi-byte characters (`PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE` returns *byte*-offset)
		//we fix this by recounting the text before the offset using multi-byte aware `strlen`
		$i = mb_strlen (substr ($title, 0, $i), 'UTF-8');
		
		//find words that should always be lowercase…
		//(never on the first word, and never if preceded by a colon)
		$m = $i>0 && mb_substr ($title, max (0, $i-2), 1, 'UTF-8') !== ':' && 
			!preg_match ('/[\x{2014}\x{2013}] ?/u', mb_substr ($title, max (0, $i-2), 2, 'UTF-8')) && 
			 preg_match ('/^(a(nd?|s|t)?|b(ut|y)|en|for|i[fn]|o[fnr]|t(he|o)|vs?\.?|via)[ \-]/i', $m)
		?	//…and convert them to lowercase
			mb_strtolower ($m, 'UTF-8')
			
		//else:	brackets and other wrappers
		: (	preg_match ('/[\'"_{(\[‘“]/u', mb_substr ($title, max (0, $i-1), 3, 'UTF-8'))
		?	//convert first letter within wrapper to uppercase
			mb_substr ($m, 0, 1, 'UTF-8').
			mb_strtoupper (mb_substr ($m, 1, 1, 'UTF-8'), 'UTF-8').
			mb_substr ($m, 2, mb_strlen ($m, 'UTF-8')-2, 'UTF-8')
			
		//else:	do not uppercase these cases
		: (	preg_match ('/[\])}]/', mb_substr ($title, max (0, $i-1), 3, 'UTF-8')) ||
			preg_match ('/[A-Z]+|&|\w+[._]\w+/u', mb_substr ($m, 1, mb_strlen ($m, 'UTF-8')-1, 'UTF-8'))
		?	$m
			//if all else fails, then no more fringe-cases; uppercase the word
		:	mb_strtoupper (mb_substr ($m, 0, 1, 'UTF-8'), 'UTF-8').
			mb_substr ($m, 1, mb_strlen ($m, 'UTF-8'), 'UTF-8')
		));
		
		//resplice the title with the change (`substr_replace` is not multi-byte aware)
		$title = mb_substr ($title, 0, $i, 'UTF-8').$m.
			 mb_substr ($title, $i+mb_strlen ($m, 'UTF-8'), mb_strlen ($title, 'UTF-8'), 'UTF-8')
		;
	}
	
	//restore the HTML
	foreach ($html[0] as &$tag) $title = substr_replace ($title, $tag[0], $tag[1], 0);
	return $title;
}