The Second Bank of the United States was a bank chartered in 1816, five years after the expiration of the First Bank of the United States. Founded during the administration of U.S. President James Madison to stabilize the currency. The Second Bank of the United States was located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where its building, designed by the architect William Strickland. The Bank served as the depository for Federal funds until 1833, when President Andrew Jackson instructed his Secretaries of the Treasury to cease depositing the funds. Two refused to obey, so he fired them, one after the other, until he got one who obeyed: Roger B. Taney, his former Attorney General and the future Supreme Court Chief Justice. This decision was an aspect of Jackson's famous dispute with the Bank's president, Nicholas Biddle. The Bank lost its Federal charter in 1836. 

Francis Cabot Lowell was a longtime federal judge in the United States. Lowell attended Harvard College and Harvard Law School. He served as private secretary for Justice Horace Gray of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court as well as short terms as a member of the Boston City Council and the Massachusetts General Court (legislature). For many years, Lowell worked as a lawyer in private practice in Boston in partnership with his well-known cousin Abbott Lawrence Lowell.In 1898, President William McKinley nominated Lowell as a judge of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt promoted Lowell to serve on the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.

 Tariff of 1816  The 14th Congress passed the Tariff Act of 1816 levying a series of 25 percent duties designed to encourage domestic manufacturing. In the wake of the conflict with Britain, nationalist war-hawks like Henry Clay and John Calhoun sought to nurture independent industry that had sprung up during the Embargo era, while reducing reliance on British manufactures. Even so, the Tariff Act of 1816 was only mildly protectionist, more in keeping with those enacted since 1789 than with those that would follow after 1820. Manufacturing interests in the United States (particularly in the West and New England) did not yet carry the political clout in Congress that mercantile and shipping interests (who tended to oppose tariffs) did. In fact, no sustained popular support for protection developed much before 1819.

National Road - The National Road, also known as the Cumberland Road, was the first federal highway in the United States.  Authorized by an act of Congress in 1806 and built from Cumberland, Md., to Vandalia, Ill., between 1811 and 1852, it was the chief road to the West for many years.  Its most important segment--between Cumberland and Wheeling, on the Ohio River in present-day West Virginia--was completed in 1818.  Portions of the road were turned over to the states after President James Monroe vetoed a bill authorizing repairs and tolls in 1822.  After 1850, canals and railroads reduced the road's importance.  It is now part of U.S. Route 40.

Internal Improvements -   ·  Internal improvements are domestic measures to improve the infrastructure of a country. In the nineteenth century, internal improvements were mainly advocated by the Whig Party, as in Henry Clay's American System, which called for the construction of a vast network of canals and railroads.

Mountain men were trappers and explorers who roamed the North American Rocky Mountains from about 1810 to the early 1840s. Although primarily of Canadian or American origin, mountain men were of many ethnic, social and religious backgrounds. These men were primarily motivated by profit, trapping beaver and selling the skins, although some were more interested in exploring the West. Including jedediah Smith and Jim Bridger.

Era of Good Feelings - The administrations (1817-25) of James Monroe were designated the Era of Good Feelings, meaning that there were no real party divisions;  in fact, the period was one of one-party politics dominated by the Jeffersonians. As Madison's heir apparent, and with the Federalists in disgrace for having opposed and even hindered the war, Monroe was elected president by an overwhelming majority in 1816.  His unopposed reelection in 1820 ranks him with Washington as the least partisan of American presidents.  This apparent political harmony gives some justification to the label Era of Good Feelings, an expression coined by a Federalist newspaper.

The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States, after the depression of the late 1780's (which led directly to the establishment of the dollar and, perhaps indirectly, to the calls for a Constitutional Convention).[1] It featured widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. It marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812.

The Adams-Onis treaty was negotiated by John Quincy Adams, the Secretary of State under U.S. President James Monroe, and the Spanish foreign minister Luis de Onís. In the agreement, the U.S. received the territorial rights to Spanish Florida (British East and West Florida) in exchange for the U.S. paying residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000 and relinquishing its own claims on parts of Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas. The treaty was concluded on February 22, 1819, in Washington, D.C., ratifications were exchanged, and the treaty was proclaimed on February 22, 1821.

Tallmadge Amendment - Representative James Tallmadge, Jr., of New York, proposed an amendment that would prohibit the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and provide for the gradual emancipation of those already there. The Tallmadge Amendment provoked a controversy that was to rage for the next two years.

The Missouri Compromise. Increasing feeling in the North against the spread of slavery resulted in strong opposition to the admission of Missouri as a slave state. The attempt to balance Missouri’s admission as a slave state by admitting Maine as a free state having failed, a compromise was arranged whereby Missouri was to be admitted without restriction as to slavery; in all the remaining portions of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36° 30', slavery was to be forever prohibited. Maine was admitted (1820) and Missouri, after careful scrutiny of its constitution by Congress, was finally admitted as a slave state (Aug. 10, 1821).

Fletcher v. Peck, 10 U.S. 87 (1810), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision. It was the first case in which the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional. Georgia sold land to Private company, then it was sold to Peck, then he sold it to Fletcher. GA wanted to take the land back because of the private company was fradulent in the first sale. Marshall ruled that invalid, Fletcher kept land. John Peck had purchased land that had previously been sold under the 1795 act. Peck sold this land to Robert Fletcher and in 1803, Fletcher brought suit against Peck, claiming that he did not have clear title to the land when he sold it. The case reached the Supreme Court, which in a unanimous decision ruled that the state legislature's repeal of the law was unconstitutional. The opinion, written by John Marshall, argued that the sale was a binding contract, which according to Article I, Section 10, Clause I (the Contract Clause) of the Constitution cannot be invalidated, even if illegally secured. Today the ruling further protects property rights against popular pressures, and is the earliest case of the Court asserting its right to invalidate state laws conflicting with the Constitution. Increased power of federal gov't

Dartmouth v. Woodward: Dartmouth college was around before the US of A. NH wanted to make it a public, rather than private school. Under the Charter from King George III it was private. Marshall ruled that a charter could not be changed (as also proved in Fletcher v. Peck). And it was still valid. Increased power of federal gov't

McCulloch v. Maryland: The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. The Court invoked the necessary-and-proper clause in the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers as long as those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers. Marshall decided that congress could charter a nat'l bank, and that Maryland couldn't tax nat'l bank becuase it would eventually tax it to death.

Gibbons v. Ogden NYS has exclusive ferry rights to grant for interstate travel of ferry? No, NYS cannot do that, since it's interstate. The ferry service fell under federal jurisdiction. Therefore, state laws can only work in state, not elsewhere, up in power of  fed. gov't.

Worcester v. Georgia  Did GA have right to regulate travelers on Native American land? No, the Cherokee are their own nation.  Which are delt with by fed. gov't. 

Monroe Doctrine American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade. 

Currupt Bargain Clay decided to help support Adams. This made it so that Adams won but it was a great cost. It made all of Adams foes unite and his administration was crippled. 1824 election

The Tariff of 1828 (aka Tariff of Abominations)was a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress in 1828. It came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy. Furthermore, it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime history, enacting a 62% tax on 92% of all imported goods. The goal of the tariff was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products. The system of tariffs began after the War of 1812 and the Napoleonic Wars, when a recession in Europe led British manufacturers to offer goods in America at prices American manufacturers often could not match. Quincy Adams signed it, Calhoun hated it.  lower revised tariff put into control in 1832