wnload the original attachment Politics - The struggle or process that people engage in to decide which members of society get certain benefits or privileges and which members of society are excluded from benefits or privileges Government - An institution, or ongoing organization with a life over and above the lives of the individuals who are part of it at any given moment in time The institution within which decisions are made that resolve conflicts or allocate benefits and privileges Totalitarian regime – rule by a small group or an individual dictator Authoritarianism – only the government (not social and economic institutions) arefully controlled by the ruler Oligarchy – rule by a few elites, who make decisions to benefit their own group Aristocracy – initially rule by the best suited, which meant the wealthy, later it meant titled nobility Democracy – political power is vested in the people Direct democracy – when citizens vote directly on laws Majoritarianism – the political theory that, in a democracy, the government should do what the majority of the people want Elite theory – the idea that society is ruled by a small group who exercise power in their self-interest Pluralism – a theory that views politics as conflict among interest groups, where decisions are made through bargaining and compromise Liberalism advocates government action to improve the welfare of individuals, support for civil rights and tolerance for social change Conservatism advocates a limited role for the government in helping individuals and support for traditional values and lifestyles Jamestown – representative assembly Plymouth – social contract with consent of the governed Natural Rights – the idea that individuals hold certain rights because they are human; governments cannot take away these “inalienable” (can’t be transferred) rights Locke describes these rights as “life, liberty and property” Jefferson describes these rights as “life liberty and the pursuit of happiness” Social contract -- a general agreement between the people and the government, where the people agree to give up some of their liberties, so that the remainder are protected the Great Compromise – resulted in a bicameral legislature, with one house based on equal representation, the other on population. the Three-Fifths Compromise – resulted in slaves being counted as “3/5” of a person for the purpose of determining population for representation in the U.S. House of Representatives. legislative branch – is granted the power to make laws judicial branch – is granted the power to judge laws executive branch – is granted the power to administer laws. some delegates favored a plural executive, but a single chief executive was decided upon. Constitution was supported by Federalists, who argued in favor of the ratification and supported a strong central government. was opposed by the Anti-Federalists, who opposed a strong central government and argued for a Bill of Rights Bill of Rights the first 10 amendments to the Constitution Unitary System – centralized government in which local governments exercise only those powers given to them by the central government Confederal System – consists of a league of independent states, each having essentially sovereign power Federal System – power is divided by a written constitution between a central government and regional governments why federalism - A Practical Solution – to the dispute between advocates of a strong central government and states’ rights advocates Geography and population make it impractical to locate all political authority in one place Brings government closer to the people State governments train future national leaders State governments can be testing grounds for policy initiatives Federalism allows for many political subcultures Enumerated Powers – First 17 clauses of Article I, Section 8, examples include coining money, setting standards of weights and measures, declaring war Elastic Clause – the clause in Article I, Section 8, that grants Congress the power to do whatever is necessary to execute its specifically delegated power Inherent Powers – powers derive from the fact that the United States is a sovereign power among nations McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)- established the implied powers of the national government and the idea of national supremacy (from the necessary and proper clause) (from the supremacy clause) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – established that the power to regulate interstate commerce was an exclusive national power (from the commerce clause) Nullification – the idea that states could declare a national law null and void Secession – the withdrawal of a state from a union Dual Federalism – the national and state governments as equal sovereign powers Cooperative Federalism – the idea that states and the national government should cooperate to solve problems civil liberties involve restraining the government’s action against individuals civil rights are rights all individuals share as provided for in the 14th amendment, which guarantees equal protection under the law No prior restraint – the Supreme Court has been critical of government efforts to censor expression (prior restraint) The Supreme Court has protected some forms of speech: symbolic speech commercial speech (though in Nike v. Kasky (2003), the court did not protect commerical speech Permitted restrictions on freedom of speech: speech that presents a “clear and present danger” speech speech that might lead to some “evil “(the bad tendency rule) Unprotected speech - obscenity, hate speech, slander all rights rooted in the Fourteenth Amendments’ guarantee of equal protection under the law the white primary – a state primary election in which only whites may vote grandfather clause – restricting voting to individuals who could prove that their grandfathers had voter prior to 1867 poll taxes – required the payment of a fee to vote literacy tests -- required potential voters to read, recite or interpret complicated texts gender discrimination – any practice, policy or procedure that denies equality of treatment to an individual or group because of gender sexual harassment – unwanted physical or verbal conduct or abuse of a sexual nature that wage discrimination – women earn 76 cents for every $1.00 earned by men Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique ( 1963) Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803) is a landmark case in United States law and the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States, under Article Three of the United States Constitution. Federalist paper 10 Among the numerous advantages promised by a well constructed union none deserves to be more accurately developed than its tendency to break and control the violence of factions. He is complaining about riots, needs to know how to stop em. No. 10 addresses the question of how to guard against "factions," groups of citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community. In today's discourse the term special interest often carries the same connotation. Madison argued that a strong, large republic would be a better guard against those dangers than smaller republics—for instance, the individual states. It is believed that James Madison took ideas from Thomas Hobbes in regards to Madison's ideas of a strong controlling government. Opponents of the Constitution offered counterarguments to his position, which were substantially derived from the commentary of Montesquieu on this subject. Federalist Paper 51 One of the most famous of the Federalist Papers, No. 51 addresses means by which appropriate checks and balances can be created in government and also advocates a separation of powers within the national government. One of its most important ideas is the pithy and often quoted phrase, "Ambition must be made to counteract ambition." Bill of Rights Amendment I Freedoms, Petitions, Assembly Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Amendment II Right to bear arms A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Amendment III Quartering of soldiers No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Amendment IV Search and arrest The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Amendment V Rights in criminal cases No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Amendment VI Right to a fair trial In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed; which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Amendment VII Rights in civil cases In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Amendment VIII bail, fines, punishment Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Amendment IX Rights retained by the People The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Amendment X States' rights The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Members of Exec Branch President – George Walker Bush Vice President – Dick Chaney Secretary of State – Condoleezza Rice Secretary of Defense – Robert M Gates Legislative Branch Speaker of the House - Nancy Pelosi Minority Whip – Jon Kyl Texas Senators – Kay Bailey Hutchinson, John Cornyn Number of representatives from Texas in the House of reps – 150 Supreme Court John Roberts John Paul Stevens Antonin Scalia Anthony kennedy David Souter Clarence Thomas Ruth Badger Ginsburg Steven Breyer Samuel Alito Local government Mayor – Bill White Governor – rick perry Philosophers Locke property is acquired through labor invention of money and increasing productivity allow acquisitions beyond moral limits (too much property) differences in wealth lead to conflict society developes to meet human needs govt is established to resolve conflicts people may rebel against bad govt, and establish new govt. wants an overseer (republic) responsibility rests in the leader, but when the leader fails the ppl step in Rosseau had this idea that man is free, but he is enslaved to society man is a noble savage. If there is evil it is due to the constrictions on freedom and to the corruption of the social compact Idea of a general will The government must function based on the general will (desire of the public, but not necessarily the majority) Doesn’t believe in a ruler Responsibility rests in the people Plato philosopher king responsibility rests in the ruler has that cave parable or whatever wrote Plato’s republic adored Socrates plato is the father of philosophy platos ideal society is a Republic on the border of Dictatorship. Those who have cannot rule, prevents corruption. Hobbes believed in a Powerful Master and the people did not have a right to rebel responsibility lies with the ruler wrote leviathan believes in social contract theory people give up liberties and appoint a powerful leader who rules everyone undisputably. Do this for protection.