let s(x) be sqare root of x -1 = -1 -1/1 = 1/-1 s(-1/1) = s(1/-1) s(-1)/s(1) = s(1)/s(-1) multiply with both denominators s(-1)*s(-1) = s(1)*s(1) (s(-1))^2 = (s(1))^2 -1 = 1