{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0\uc1{\fonttbl{\f0\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}{\f1\fcharset2 Wingdings;}}{\colortbl ;}{\stylesheet{\s0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\sl240\slmult1\f0 \fs20\kerning28 Normal;}}\paperw12240\paperh15840\margt1440\margl1800\margr1800\margb1440 Visigoths: -Name translates to "western Goths", but they referred to themselves as the valiant Goths (considering being associated with the west as bad luck) -In the third century CE dwelt at the northeastern border of the empire, often making raids on Roman villages -Around 376 are driven south into the empire by the Huns -Romans agree to allow the Visigoths under Fritigern to stay in imperial lands -Demands by Roman government provoke the Visigoths to rebel -The Visigoths defeat the Romans at Adrianople in 378, killing the emperor Valens along with two-thirds of the army Emperor Theodosius I ends the war and offers the Visigoths the status of foederati, allies who are given land in the empire in exchange for defending it against invasion -In 395 Alaric comes to rule the Visigoths and demands more land for his people and greater importance in the empire, leading them south and plundering Greece -Alaric attacks the city of Rome in 401, but is eventually turned back in 403 -The assassinations and executions of various members of the Roman elite (including Stilcho, the commander of the defenses of Rome) led to many soldiers joining to Alaric against Rome -Visigoths take siege of Rome in 408 and manage to take a ransom of 5,000 pounds of gold, 30,000 pounds of silver, 4,000 silk tunics, 3,000 scarlet hides, and 3,000 pounds of pepper in exchange for ending the siege -After a second siege in 409, Alaric sets up a emperor to oppose Honorius, who came to power after Theodosius I's death -This emperor, Priscus Attalus, lost northern Africa, the source of much of Rome's grain, to Honorius and Theodosius II -Once negotiations with Honorius fall through, Alaric leads an attack on Rome, taking it in 410 -Alaric makes an attempt at taking back Africa, but his fleet's destruction and his subsequent death put an end to the campaign -After Alaric's death, the Visigoths left Italy for the Pyrenees and settled in Aquitaine Gaul, which they were made foederati in exchange for Huns: -In the late fourth century, the Huns arrive in eastern Europe from the northern Black Sea area -Within a decade, they have defeated or run the Gothic tribes from their lands in central Europe -Upon the death of the Hunnish leader Rugila in 434, his nephews Bleda and Atilla take control of the lands conquered by the Huns -The brothers negotiate a tribute of 300 kg of gold per year, the return of Hunnish fugitives, and a price of 96 denarii for each captive the Huns had taken -The Huns shift their focus to Persia during the 430s after the treaty, giving the Roman emperor Theodosius II the opportunity to prepare for an attack from invading forces -In 440 the Huns under the brothers cross the Danube into the eastern empire and begin attacking forts on the rivers -That same year, the Vandals attacked and took control of Rome's African territories. As a result, Rome sent all available forces to take back the southern provinces, leaving the western border virtually undefended for the Huns to push into the Balkans -Atilla and Bleda pushed much of the way down the Danube before stopping in 442 -Once Theodosius recalled the Roman armies, he refused the terms of the Huns, who responded by taking cities on their way to Byzantium, aided by the use of siege weaponry -The Huns met the Roman armies at Gallipolis and Constantinople, defeating them both times\par} -Without an army, Theodosius was forced to surrender to the Huns in 443, who greatly increased the cost of the terms of the former treaty , which included tripling the tribute that the empire was to pay\par} -Once their demands were met, the Huns retreated to their lands north of the Danube for a few years\par} -Around 445, Bleda dies, according to some sources at his brother Atilla\u8217\'92s hand, leaving the Hunnish empire under Atilla\u8217 \'92s rule\par} -In 450 Atilla leads the Huns into the western empire on the pretext of a message from the sister of the western emperor Honorius , which he takes as an offer of marriage, and demands half of the empire as her dowry\par} -Upon entering Gaul, Atilla\u8217\'92s forces are defeated by an army of Roman, Visigothic, and Burgundian soldiers\par} \nooverflow{\pntext\f1\'9f\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnql\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnf1{\pntxtb \'9f}}{\f0\lang1033\fs24\kerning28 Withdrawing from Gaul, the Huns invade northern Italy in early 452, retreating only when famine and disease threaten\par} \nooverflow{\pntext\f1\'9f\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnql\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnf1{\pntxtb \'9f}}{\f0\lang1033\fs24\kerning28 In 453, Atilla the Hun, feared by Europe, dies in his bed\par} \nooverflow{\pntext\f1\'9f\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnql\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnf1{\pntxtb \'9f}}{\f0\lang1033\fs24\kerning28 After Atilla\u8217\'92s death, the infighting among his sons breaks the Hunnish empire apart, disappearing by the end of the fifth century}}