Magnetic Compass - A compass, (or mariner compass) is a navigational instrument for finding directions on the Earth Caravel - A caravel is a small, highly maneuverable, two- or three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish for long voyages of exploration from the 15th century Kingdom of Kongo - The Kingdom of Kongo (1400 – 1914) (Kongo: Kongo dya Ntotila or Wene wa Kongo) was an African kingdom located in west central Africa in what are now northern Angola, Cabinda, Republic of the Congo, and the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Peninsulares - In the colonial caste system of Spanish America, a peninsular was a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World, as opposed to a person of full Spanish descent born in the Americas (known as criollos) Francisco Pizarro - Francisco Pizarro González, 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c 1471 or 1476 – June 26, 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Inca Empire and founder of Lima, La Ciudad de los Reyes, capital of Peru Mercantilism- Mercantilism is an economic theory that the prosperity of a nation depends upon its capital, and that the volume of the world economy and international trade is unchangeable Creole - The term Creole and its cognates in other languages — such as crioulo, criollo, créole, kriolu, criol, kreyol, kriulo, kriol, krio, etc — have been applied to people in different countries and epochs, with rather different meanings Conquistador- Spanish soldier, explorer, and adventurer who took part in the gradual invasion and conquest of much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries Chattel Slavery - Slavery is a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as slaves — are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to work Glorious Rebellion - The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland) in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange), who as a result ascended the English throne as William III of England Peter I The great - ruled the Russian Empire from 7 May [OS 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V Yekaterina (Catherine) II Alekseyevna - reigned as Empress of Russia for 34 years, from June 28, 1762 until her death Peter the Great - Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov (Russian: Пётр Алексе́евич Рома́нов, Пётр I, Pyotr I, or Пётр Вели́кий, Pyotr Velikiy) (9 June [OS 30 May] 1672–8 February [OS 28 January] 1725)[1] ruled the Russian Empire from 7 May [OS 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V Peter carried out a policy of Westernization and expansion that transformed the Tsardom of Russia into the Russian Empire, a major European power William of Orange - the name of several historical persons In the context of Irish and British history, it refers most often to William III of England; in the context of Dutch history, it is usually in reference to William the Silent Those men who may be referred to as William of Orange may be grouped together as shown in this article William of Orange - the name of several historical persons In the context of Irish and British history, it refers most often to William III of England; in the context of Dutch history, it is usually in reference to William the Silent Those men who may be referred to as William of Orange may be grouped together as shown in this article Reformation - a movement in Europe that began with Martin Luther's activities in 1517, with roots further back in time Astrolabe/Celestial navigation - A device used to determine latitude by observing the altitude and position of the sun or other start or planet. age of discovery - he Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European ships traveled around the world, often in search of new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning Europe. empire of malo - cape colony - Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus. hernan cortes - Cortes - Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico the maya - The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. spice route - A trade route on which spices were traded from the spice islands to Europe. tariff - A tax levied on imports. peonage - the practice of making a debtor work for his creditor until the debt is discharged the black legend - The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. moveable type/guttenberg - louis xiv - Louis XIV, France's Sun King, had the longest reign in European history (1643-1715). During this time he brought absolute monarchy to its height, established a glittering court at VERSAILLES, and fought most of the other European countries in four wars absolutism/divine right - idea that a monarch receives his or her authority to govern from God, not from the people over whom he or she rules. charles 1 and 2 - Charles famously engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England. He was an advocate of the Divine Right of Kings, and many in England feared that he was attempting to gain absolute power.According to royalists, Charles II became king when his father Charles I was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, the climax of the English Civil War. parliament - A parliament is a legislature, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system modelled after that of the United Kingdom. martin luther - Martin Luther was a German theologian and a major leader of the Protestant REFORMATION. He is sometimes called the father of Protestantism, and one of the major branches of Protestantism--Lutheranism--is named after him.